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June 8, 1988

WORSHIP OF ANCIENT NORSE GODS MAKING A COMEBACK IN ICELAND By Alan Elsner Copyright (c) 1988 Reuters BORGARFJORDUR, Iceland

In the remote mountains of western Iceland, a 64-year-old sheep farmer has revived the pagan worship of ancient Norse gods.

Sveinbjorn Beinteinsson calls the sect he leads Asatru --"the religion of the ancient gods." Since starting it in 1972, the self-styled high priest has become the focus for a small but steady stream of pilgrims from all over the world.

"The religion is based on the idea of being in contact with nature and the life forces which guide the fate of the world," Beinteinsson said in a recent interview.

"There are supernatural beings which protect this country. Throughout centuries of Christianity, they have always remained in the minds of the people," he said.

With his mop of white hair, long bushy beard and deeply wrinkled face, Beinsteinsson looks like a latter-day prophet as he stands on a craggy rock surrounded by snow-capped peaks beside a statue of Thor, the Norse god of thunder.

The god, with his magic hammer with which according to Norse mythology he hurled thunderbolts across the world, is focus for the sect's worship.

From his natural pulpit beside the statue, Beinsteinsson conducts regular ceremonies for the sect's 100 Icelandic followers and foreign believers and has celebrated eight pagan weddings, which have legal validity in Iceland, which granted the sect official recognition as a religion in 1973. "I feel a kind of contact with higher beings. It's like a dream but it happens while I'm awake, a vision in the mind. But I don't see anything, I'm not a seer," Beinsteinsson said.

Iceland was settled by Vikings from Norway in the 7th century. Its in- habitants converted to Christianity in the year 1000, but many pagan festivals persisted alongside Christian ones, or were slightly changed so as to be invested with Christian significance.

Some pagan rites are still widely celebrated today.

Beinsteinsson has lived his entire life in his isolated farmhouse, a small, red-roofed building with no electricity. He has never been abroad and earns a frugal living from his 50 sheep while his sect receives a $350 monthly stipend from the government.

His fame has spread throughout his own country, and to devotees of the Norse gods abroad.

"There are active groups of pagan worshippers all over Scandinavia and in America and even in Australia. I don't regard myself as the high priest of all of them, but they seem to look at me like that," he said.

A visitors' book in Beinsteinsson's cottage has signatures from all over the world. In summer, he has guests practically every day, who inscribe his book with verses or little drawings of ancient gods, erupting volcanos and thunderbolts.

A poet and student of old Icelandic poetry, Beinsteinsson keeps alive the centuries-old tradition of Norse story-telling, chanting the ancient myths in a hypnotic monotone. He has even made a record of some of the sagas.

Beinsteinsson does not take all the ancient Norse mythology literally. For instance, he does not subscribe to the Viking idea of Valhalla or paradise, where men would spend eternity fighting each other by day and feasting by night and where the dead would always be resurrected for the next day's battle.

"The gods are a symbol of power. The ancient religion was based on people being in touch with the forces of nature, the life forces which keep the world going," he said.

Such ideas fit in well with modern Nordic concerns of preserving the environment and remaining close to nature.

Beinsteinsson also shares the deep-seated Nordic antipathy to nuclear weapons and in 1986 led a demonstration against the U.S. military base in Keflevik in which he hurled ancient curses at its residents.

"There has been so much rubbish piled up in the world --drugs, pollution, weapons -- that the world has to be cleansed. It appears that the cleansing will happen soon," he said.

Beinsteinsson believes Iceland is destined to play a part in these cata- clysmic events.

"This is a relatively clean and pure country. The life power can act in ways here that it can't elsewhere. We have some mission in all this, but it is not yet clear what," he said.

1. The Asatru Alliance is a free association of independent kindreds and in-dividuals seeking to preserve and protect the ancient faith of our ancestors.

2. The Alliance shall be organized along tribal/democratic lines permitting the full expression of our religious opinions, opting for the preserva-tion and sanctity of our Asatru Faith.

3. The Alliance is apolitical; it is not a front for, nor shall it promote any political views of the 'Right' or 'Left'. Our Sacred temples, groves and Moots shall remain free of any political manifestations.

4. We respect the right of any member to hold his or her political beliefs. You are expected to keep them within at all functions.

5. The Alliance has no established priesthood. Each kindred should have its own spiritual leader, or Gothi/Gythia to attend to its own spiritual and tribal needs.

6. The Alliance will promote the growth of Asatru through the sponsoring of national and regional Things and Moots. We will promote the growth of Asatru through the publishing of books, magazines and newsletters.

Arizona Kindred will be responsible for the publishing and distribution of materials through mail order. Arizona Kindred will also publish and distribute a seasonal magazine containing news and relevant articles pertaining to our Faith and the Alliance.

7. A spokesperson will represent the Alliance to the public and serve as liaison between kindreds and other Asatru groups. This spokesperson will serve for one year and cannot succeed himself. This spokesperson will be chosen by a simple majority vote of delegates at AlThing.

KINDREDS

1. The Alliance will promote the growth of Asatru and the establishment of Kindreds.

2. The Alliance will not interfere with the functions of kindreds unless petitioned by a majority of members of such kindred for aid from the whole Alliance.

3. Kindreds are free to apply for membership to the Alliance, or leave the Alliance, as voted upon by a majority of the local kindred membership.

4. A kindred shall consist of at least three members.

5. Alliance kindreds are strongly urged to incorporate or be chartered by a legally incorporated Alliance kindred.

6. Each kindred is expected to send at least one delegate to the AlThing each year. No attendance, no vote.

7. Kindreds are expected to hold meetings on a regular basis.

8. Each kindred will be assessed the sum of ten dollars per member to support the publishing and distribution of the Alliance magazine. This is on a yearly basis. Each kindred will be supplied with an appropriate number of magazines to distribute to its membership.

9. Any kindred can be removed for cause from the Alliance by the majority vote of AlThing delegates at any AlThing.

MEMBERSHIP

1. Any member of an Alliance kindred is a member of the Alliance.

2. Any person wishing to join the Alliance should apply for membership with the kindred of his choice. If you are accepted, you have the choice of full kindred membership, or associate membership through that kindred. Associate memberships will be assessed 20 dollars per year.

3. Three or more associate members can band together to form a kindred and petition the Alliance for kindred status at the next AlThing.

4. Kindreds may petition the Alliance for membership status, the acceptance or rejection of that petition to be decided upon at the AlThing following the receipt of the petition by majority vote of the attending delegates. Kindreds who petition the Alliance for membership may do so after an election of the kindred by majority vote of the membership to join the Alliance.

APPROVAL

1. These By-Laws are to be approved or amended at each AlThing.

2. Only delegates attending the AlThing shall have voting rights.

3. Kindreds or individuals shall not be represented in voting matters at any AlThing by proxy.

4. Voting rights at any AlThing of associate members are to be determined by kindred delegates by majority vote at any given AlThing.

Here are some sample rituals from a practitioner of Asatru, the Norse magickal/religious belief system...

An Example of the Hammer Rite Ritual

Terms Used:

VE: Ritual workspace or area. This can be a permanent room or a tempory space.

GALDER: A magical invocation or mantra.

STADHA: Bodily postures which imitate the shapes of runestaves used in GALDER.

VITKI: A runic magician

In important ritual work the vitki may wish to recite an invocatory GALDER into which the hammer rite may be incorporated. Such a GALDER would serve to invoke divine forces or simply act as a general invocation to the runic powers, or both. The knowledgeable vitki will compose his or her own rite and GALDER, for this would be a great deed of runecraft! Note how the hammer rite is interwoven into this example:

1. Standing in the middle of the VE, face north, in the STADHA and intone:

Fare now forth mighty Fimbultyr "The Awesome God" from heavenly homes all eight Sleipnir be saddled, hither swiftly to ride: Galdrsfadhir, "The Father of Incantation" might to give and gain. Holy rune-might flow from the hoves of Hangatyr's, "The God of the Hanged", steed; in streams of steadfast strength - through staves of stalwart standing!

2. Go to the northern rim of the VE and with the wand trace the circle in the direction of the sun, from left to right.

During this process sing:

The rune-might is drawn 'round the holy-stead, unwanted wights wend away!

3. When the circle is complete return to the center and facing the original direction, perform the rune-ring portion of the hammer rite.

THE HAMMER RITE

This example is written in a northward orientation, and appropriate changes of course should be made in the order of GALDER in rites of an eastward orientation.

a) With the rune wand in the right hand, face the North.

b) Beginning with FEHU in the north, trace and send the runes of the futhark in a ring around you at the level of the solar plexus as far out as the circle on the ground or floor, always "with the sun" in a clockwise direction. The ring of runes should form a complete band ending with OTHALA next to FEHU in the north after the circle has been gone completely around. The runes should be visualized as glowing, red characters floating about three or four feet in the air.

c) Stand in the cross STADHA (arms straight out from the body) and visualize an equilateral cross lying horizontally in the plane of the rune ring and your solar plexus, with that point as the center of the cross. The arms of this cross should end at the points where they intersect the rune band at each of the cardinal points. Imagine a surrounding sphere of shimmering blue light with the red rune band as its equator. Then visualize a vertical axis coming down through your head into your body from the infinite space above and up from the infinite space below through your feet.

d) Feel and see the force flowing into your centre from all six directions (north, east, south, west, up, and down) as it builds a sphere of glowing red might. The colour may be altered depending on the ritual intention.

When this is complete say:

The worrisome wights now wend their way eastward toward etin-home; hallowed be the hall of Hroptatyr, "The God of Hidden Things" with the help of Hrungnir's slayer! "Thorr"

4. Now perform the rest of the hammer rite.

e) Facing north, the vitki should touch the lower part of the wand to the breast at the solar plexus, the center of power, and thrust it forward, projecting the force from that center to a point on the inside face of the outer sphere. Trace the Hammer of Thor with your dominant hand using the wand and draw from the might that has been accumulated in the sphere around you as follows (starting with the w and following the letters in normal order):

During this process intone:

Hammer in the North hallow and hold this holy-stead!

Then, turning 90 degrees to the right, send and sign another hammer sign in the same manner vibrating:

Hammer in the East hallow and hold this holy-stead!

In the South:

Hammer in the South hallow and hold this holy-stead!

And in the West:

Hammer in the West hallow and hold this holy-stead!

Returning to the north, direct your attention overhead, there send and sign the hammer on the "ceiling" of the sphere directly above you, saying:

Hammer over me hallow and hold this holy-stead!

And then project the hammer sign below the "floor" of the sphere (not the ground or room floor) directly beneat you and intone:

Hammer under me hallow and hold this holy-stead!

f) Now, strike the cross STADHA again and vibrate:

Hammer hallow and hold this holy-stead!

Turning in the center of the VE, repeat this once for each of the other four directions and once for the vertical axis. The visual effect should be one of axes connecting all six shinning red hammers to your personal center, all engulfed by a field of sparkling deep blue light and surrounded by a band of bright red runes.

g) Finnally, center all the forces of the VE by folding your arms from the cross STADHA in toward your center, with your fingertips touching at the solar plexus, and saying:

Around me and in me Asgardhr and Midhgardhr!

5. If the energy built up by the entire operation is to be internalized, then draw the collected energies into your personal center by standing in the cross position, and while deeply inhaling, draw your arms in so that your fingertips touch your solar plexus. Turn in all four directions and repeat this action, each time visualizing the sphere being drawn into your center. If the energy of the rite has been sent abroad, then you may simply split the sphere with your hand or knife and step out of the circle. More complex rituals can be worked into this more simple pattern. This is mainly a ritual for centering and banishing.

The Yew-Working seeks to synthesize the runic forces of the heavenly and chthonic streams in the consciousness of the vitki.

(Preferably, this working should be performed in bare feet on the surface of the earth.)

1. Stand facing north with your arms at your sides.

2. Settle and concentrate your mind with a few deep breaths or through the use of breathing exercises.

3. Center your attention below your feet, at the imaginary infinitely small center of the Earth, where-from the subterranean streams of power spring; visualize this as pitch black and then intone the formula uuuuuuuuuuuu. As this force rises from the center of the Earth and streams into your feet and is formulated into a black sphere of about 6" diameter, halt intonation of the vocalic formula. Hold this image in your mind.

4. Turn your attention to the wide expanses of the World above your head. Visualize the zone of white energy of infinite expanse, intoning the vocalic formula aaaaaaaaaaaa as this force flows from a wide expanse into a vertical column to the crown of your head and formulates a white sphere. Hold this image, along with that of the black sphere, and stop for a moment to consider the polarity, the force of attraction between them which is palpably manifested throughout the vertical column formed by the length of your body.

5. Next, turn your attention to the region of your genital organs and visualize a column of energy rising from the black sphere, slowly becoming deep blue as you intone the vocalic formula iiiiiiiiiiii and it stops in the genital region and forms a sphere. Holding these various images, proceed to the next step.

6. Turn your attention to the region of your upper chest (at the top of your sternum) and visualize a column of force descending from the white sphere and the crown of your head, becoming pink and finally bright red as it reaches your upper chest, where it too forms a birght red sphere. During this process, intone the vocalic formula eeeeeeeeeeee. Once this sphere has been established, you may halt the intonation of the vocalic formula, again to pause and consider the polarity between these two complexes of cosmic energy. As you do so, you will feel the ever increasing force of attraction each has for the other.

7. Now visualize the forces of these two complexes simultaneously meeting in your solar plexus region as a bright green sphere is formed that radiates with a golden or bright yellow light from its center. Intone the vocalic formula oooooooooooo during this process. Concentrate on the wholeness of this structure and its fundamental unity with yourself.

8. Now, to end this rite, being to circulate the collected and intensified force from your center throughout the length of the structure with the vocalic formula eeeeeeeeeeee (a lax neutral vowel sound during which all the muscles of the mouth as relaxed). The energy will flow up and down the length of the vertical column within your body, becoming focused and intensified at each of the centers, or wheels, within your system.

9. End by gathering all energy in the center, allowing it to re-balance itself throughout your system. Relax and finish with a few deep breaths.

Asatru (also known as Odinism) is the ancient religion of the far north lands; Germany, Norway, Sweden, Northern Great Britain, etc. The word comes from the Icelandic language meaning "True to the Asa". The Asa are the Gods known as the Aesir and the Vanir. Most of them are familiar, in name at least, to many of us: Odin, Thor, Loki, Tyr, Baldur, Heimdall, Frigga, Freya, Freyr, and others. The Aesir are primarily warrior gods, and generally counted as higher than the Vanir. The Vanir are mostly fertility gods and gods of riches, though they also fight. At one time the two races of gods warred against each other. Finally a truce was held and hostages exchanged/and peace was established, between the gods at least. Asatru also is working to reestablish the tradition of family, kith and kindred. Working together to help others and to make each other strong. Many of todays religions tend to seperate people and to emphasize the individual. "YOU" must be saved! "YOU" must save others, so that "YOU" can gain a higher place in heaven. Etc. Asatru believes that each person is dependant on others and that only by working together can people truly live in harmony. This is not to say that everyone does shares everything. One person may be the one to keep the village supplied with wood while another keeps the sheep and another bakes the loaves. One person may protect the other with his/her knowledge of laws, another watching the children, and yet another providing transportation. The Worlds that are held together and reached by the world tree, Yggdrassil are also believed in. Asgard, Muspelheim, Vanaheim, Midgard (our earthly realm), Svartelfheim, Lightelfheim, Jotunheim, Hel & Nifelheim are the Nine worlds of the Odinist. These are realms of Gods, humans, light elfs, dark elfs, dwarves, giants and others. These worlds are connected by the world tree and can be reached via travelling the branches, roots, limbs and trunks. Some are also connected via special bridges such as Bifrost, the Rainbow Bridge, that connects Midgard to Asgard, realm of the Gods. There are many myths and legends, many gods and races, many demons and evil spirits, many worlds, many rituals and forms of magic. All in all, Asatru is a rich and vibrant religion and way of life.

Asatru is one kind of Scandanavian tradition, while the Odinist beliefs are another, slightly different path:

1. What do you mean by Odinism?

Odinism is the indigenous religious faith of the Scandinavian, British and other peoples of Northern Europe; it is an amalgam of attitudes, ideas and behavior, both a personal faith and a communal way of life. In its beginings Odinism is probably as old as our race. Historically it may be divided into three periods:

A. Before the coming of Christianity B. Its gradual merging with Christianity and the ensuing Period of Dual Faith, and C. Its efforts in the present century to free itself of Christian influences and to reassert its ancient independence.

2. How have the tenets of Odinism been preserved? Is there an Odinist holy book?

The ancient oral traditions of Odinism were during the Middle Ages embodied in writings, the Odinist books of wisdom, the principle of which are the Eddas. The poetic Elder Edda presents the Odinist cosmogony, the mythological lays and the heroic lays, including the story of Sigurd and Brynhild which were in later times moulded into the Lay of the Nibelungs. The Younger Edda is a prose synopsis of the Odinist faith.

3. When did Britain and the rest of Europe cease to be Odinist?

The first of our Northern countries to succumb to the false promizes of the new religion were the Goths, in the fourth century of the Christian era; the Icelanders became Christians by official decree in the year 1000 CE, to be followed by the Scandinavian countries over the next two hundred years. England was "converted" between 597 and 686 CE and Scotland somewhat earlier (although some of the people of Ross-shire were still worshipping the old Gods as late as the seventeenth century). Ireland, when Patrick the Proselytizer landed there in the year 432, was decribed as "a heathen land"; Dublin and the other principal Irish towns were actually founded by Odinist Vikings, who dedicated the country to the god Thor.

4. Well, the people were converted to Christianity. Would you have denied them their freedom of choice?

They had no choice. Most of those who were "converted" had little knowledge of Christian doctrine; the new religion was imposed on them by sword and sermon. The Revd S. C. Olland's Dictionary of English Church History is explicit: "The adoption of Christianity generally depended upon State action: the king and his nobles were baptized and the people largely followed their example. . . . .The wholesale conversions. . . . . could not have implied individual conviction." On one day alone in the year 598 more than ten thousand English "converts" were baptized in a mass ceremony; it is unlikely that they had recieved a great deal of instruction in the Christian faith. Even in the twentieth century the vast majority of Christians are still quite ignorant of Christian doctrine. It was always so.

5. Why do you say that Odinism was practiced in the Church during what you have called "the Period of Dual Faith"?

We can see the evidence everywhere, even today. When the foreign missionaries subverted Britain what they could they repressed and what they could not they ignored or adopted. The ancient spring renewal festival of Summer Finding was transformed into the Christian feast of the Ressurrection; the Mid-winter festival of Yule became Christmas. Not only the folk festivals connected with the great changes of season - May Day and Midsummer and Harvest - but numerous customs associated with life's milestones, birth and marriage and death, all showed that the old Gods lived on in the life and in the language of the people. Many of the external signs of the ancient faith were retained: water was consecrated and wood was blessed. A Christian writer, Professor P. D. Chantepie de la Saussaye DD, has said, "We recognize in this folklore a form of historical continuity, the bond of union between the life of the people in pagan and in Christian times." Even today when we say, "Touch wood!" we are recalling the sacred nature of an important symbol of our ancient religion; and how many people are aware that they are paying unconscious tribute to the Gods of Odinism when they light their Christmas or Paschal candals or their bonfire on the fifth of November? Or that the very "Christmas tree" is itself the World Ash of Odinism? Even the sign of the cross is really the sign of Thor's hammer!

6. How lond did the Period of Dual Faith last?

The period during which Odinism was actually practiced within the Church extended in Britain from about the seventh century CE right down to the 1930's, when the purity of ancient worship was revived by a number of groups working outside the Church for the first time for more than a thousand years.

7. But the adoption of Christianity, a creed that preaches peace on earth and the equality of all men was, surely you must agree, a step forward in the civilizing of our people? Odinists were happy enough to put up with the new doctrines so long as they were allowed to go on practicing their own faith in peace. But the inherent contradiction at the heart of Christianity is that it denies in action the faith that it professes verbally. There is no history of religious warfare in Europe before the coming of Christianity. It is ironic indeed that the message of peace on earth has been propogated with so much bloodshed. As for the equality of all men, we just do not believe in it; and even the Christian god has his "chosen people".

8. Why is it now necessary to reassert what you describe as Odinism's ancient independence? Why can you not , in the present unsettled state of society, leave well alone. Surely we should be getting together, not creating more divisions amongst ourselves?

First of all it is necessary to state that because of its organic origins and development Odinism is a religion of visual truth. Nevertheless,for just so long as Christian and Odinist ethics coincided - even superficially - it was possible for Odinists to worship the Gods undertheir Christian designations; but only for so long as they remained adequate interpretations of the true divinities of Odinism (the nature of a god being of greater importance than his name).

The Churches are today opposed to many of the things that Odinists hold sacred: they sin against nation and people by espousing causes whose ultimate aim is our destruction; they condone legislation that has given statutory approval to unnatural sexual deviance and perversion; they encourage criminal activities by calling for the exemption from punishment, or even prosecution, of whole categories of lawbreakers; they provide financial aid for revolutionary propoganda and even terrorist activities against our own people; they remain totally indifferent to the rape of our countryside in the short-term interests of economic gain and technology; and they have successfully divided the people of our own islands against themselves (eg, in Ireland). Life in Northern Europe is today, after fifteen hundred years of Christianity, almost entirely concerned with material wealth and self-indulgence and the Christian clergy have largely forsaken their spiritual vocations in order to preach the causes of subversion and revolution.

The people yearn for spiritual bread but have been offered by the Churches only a political stone. It is no longer possible for anyone who is aware of his debt to our past or who has concern for the future of our nation and race to remain within the Christian Church. This must not, however be taken to imply that Odinists bear hatred towards Christians; we recognize that there are many good and sincere people within the Christian community from whose example Odinists themselves could not fail to profit. But the Church is itself largely responsible for the "present unsettled state of society". Odinists see it as their duty to oppose those who menace the things that they regard as holy. If we cannot in justice always blame the sheep we should and do attack the shepherds.

9. But surely it would be preferable to have one god for all mankind?

Why? One god or many Gods, it really does not matter. Our true Gods are actually worshipped by peoples all over the world, using their own mythologies and adapting their worship to local cultures and conditions. We prefer to worship the Gods in our own way with people of our own kind. And we respect the right of others to their own beliefs. It was an Odinist gothi (priest), Sigrith, who told the foreign missionaries, "I must not part from the faith which I have held, and my forefathers before me; on the other hand I shall make no objection to your believing in the god that pleases you best."

10. You have mentioned the "Gods of Nature". Does this mean that Odinists are nature-worshippers?

Odinists recognize man's spiritual kinship with Nature, that within himself are in essence all that is in the greater world, which perform within him the same functions as in the world. Thus there are in man the four elements, the vegetative life of plants, an ethereal body - the god- soul - corresponding to the heavens, the sense of animals, of spiritual things and reason and understanding. Because in this way man comprises all the parts of the world within himself he is thus a true image of the Gods.

Also containing the essence of the universe within themselves, the Gods are everywhere and in everything: they show themselves to us as fire, as a flower, as a tree. Odinists believe that all life should be lived in communion and in accord with the mind of the Gods. Christianity turned away from Nature and concentrated its adherents' attention on the human soul and became obsessed with the fall of man, by which it was implied that man had brought all Nature down into sin with him. Christian teaching encouraged man to see Nature only in her physical form whereas Odinists regard Nature as a true manifestation of the divine. "We and the cosmos are one," wrote D. H. Lawrence, "The cosmos is a vast living body, of which we are still part. The sun is the great heart whose tremors run through our smallest veins. The moon is a great gleaming nerve-centre from which we quiver forever. . . . Now all this is literally true, as men knew in the great past and as they will know again." Whoever shall properly know himself and all things in himself shall know the Gods. The Odinist, because of his awareness of his relationship with Nature, is able to feel a consanguinous kinship with plants and animals and the land - a complete oneness.

11. You speak of "the Odinist mythology". Do you really expect anyone to believe in a myth?

Every religion is mythical in its development. Mythology is the knowledge that the ancients had of the divine; it is religious truth expressing in poetical terms mankind's desire for personal and visible gods. The mythology of Odinism consists of a group of legends, fables and tales relating to The Gods, heroes, demons and other beings whose names have been preserved in popular belief. Our object must be to discover, with the help of our mythology, the Gods who manifest themselves throughout Nature: in the streets and in the trees and in the rocks, in the running streams and in the heavy ear of grain, in the splendor of the sun by day and in the star-strewn sky at night. But it is not the myth that Odinists believe in but the Gods whom that myth helps us to understand.

12. What, then, is the Odinist mythology?

Briefly, our mythology unfolds in five acts (which may be compared to the evolution of the seasons of the year):

A. the Creation (spring) B. the time preceeding the death of Balder (summer) C. the death of Balder (summer's end) D. the time immediately after the death of Balder (autumn) E. Ragnarok, the decline and fall followed by the regeneration of the world (winter and spring)

The first effort of speculative man has always been to solve the mystery of existence, to ask what was in the beginning. The condition of things before the world's creation is expressed in the Eddas negatively; there was nothing of that which sprang into existence:

Nothing was Neither land nor sea, Nor cool waves. Earth was not , Sky was not, But a gaping void And no grass.

Ymir was a frost-giant, e.g. chaotic matter:

From Ymir's flesh The world was made, And from his blood the sea. Mountains from his bones, Trees from his hair, And the welkin from his skull.

There were as yet no human beings upon the earth when one day as the Gods Odin, Hoener and Loder were walking along the seashore they saw two trees from which they created the first human pair. Odin gave them life and spirit, Hoener endowed them with reason and the power of motion and Loder gave them blood, hearing, and a fair complexion. The man they called Ask (ash)--and the woman Embla (elm). As their abode the newly-created pair received from the Gods Midgarth and from them is descended the whole human race.

Balder is the god of the summer, the favourite god of all Nature and a son of Odin; he is one of the wisest and most eloquent of the Gods and his dwelling is in a place where nothing impure can enter. The story of Balder, well-known in the Northern countries, finds explanation in the seasons of the year, in the change from light to darkness; he represents the bright and clear summer and his death is the impermanent victory of darkness over light, of winter over summer, of death over life. When Balder is dead, all Nature mourns. His death presages the disaster of Ragnarok, the consummation of the world, followed by its cleansing and return to the primal state.

Ragnarok, the Twilight of the Gods, represents a great conflict between good and evil powers. The idea is already suggested in the story of the Creation in which the Gods are represented as proceeding from giants, that is from an evil and chaotic force. And whatever can be born must surely die. In the seasons and activities of Nature we see a constantly recurring picture of the necessity for death and the equal certainty of its being over-come. At Ragnarok all the worlds of Nature will be destroyed and even the giants must die. But from that catastrophe will emerge a renewed world and the Gods themselves will be born again. We see this drama enacted every year in minature when autumn heralds the period of decline and decay until with the spring we witness the magic of resurrection and new life.

This, briefly told, is the myth that explained to our ancestors their origin and the origin of the world, the creation of life from chaos and the mergence of evolution and harmony.

13. Who is Odin?

Odin is the first and eldest of the Gods, the all-parvading spirit of the sun, the moon, the stars, the hills, the plains and of man. With his help were made heaven and earth and the first man and woman. All knowledge came from him; he is the inventor of poetry and discovered the runes; he governs all things, protects the social organization influences the human mind, avenges murder and upholds the sanctity of the oath. He is well named Allfather. And because he chooses to surround himself with a bodyguard of those who have fallen in battle he is also known as Valfather, Father of the Slain.

In the mythology Odin's single eye (the other he sacrificed in exchange for wisdom) is the sun, his broad-brimmed hat the arched vault of heaven, his blue cloak the sky. A conspisuous passage in the Edda is Odin's sacrifice of himself to himself:

I know I hung on the windy tree nine nights through: I know I hung I know I hung myself to myself, on the tree that springs from roots unknown.

Order is the basis of Odin's government. Nature the garment by which he manifests himself. Odinism says: study the natural laws, conform to them and you will prosper; ignore them or violate them and you must suffer. Just so far as you study and obey Nature exactly so far will Nature reward or punish you. For under Odin the government of Nature is harmonious and unchangeable.

14. Who are the other Gods of Odinism? What kind of Gods are they?

We have already spoken of Odin and Balder. Of the other Gods the best- known is Thor, the most famous story concerning whom tells of this Warrior-God crushing the powers of chaos. He rules over clouds and rain and makes his presence known in the lightning's flash. He is the protector of the farm worker, the chief god of agriculture, a helpful deity who makes the crops grow and who also blesses the bride with fertility. In the words of Professor P. V. Glob, " He wishes all men well and stands by them in face of their enemies and against the new God, Christ." Tyr is the God of martial honor, the most daring and intrepid of the Gods. He dispenses justice in time of peace and valor in war. He it was who sacrificed a hand when overpowering the evil Fenris Wolf, showing us that we ourselves must be prepared to make sacrifices in order to protect ourselves and our kin from those who seek to cast our society into anarchy and chaos.

Frey is God of the harvest and is therefore also a God of fecundity and growth; some authorities believe that he and Christ may have becom blended, in England at least, in so a God of fecundity and growth; some authorities believe that he and Christ may have becom blended, in England at least, in the new religion of Christianity. Freya is a Goddess of love and the sister of Frey: barren women may invoke her and she is also the Goddess of death for all women. Another God, Vali, is called he Avenger because when he was yet only one night old he avenged Balder's death, thus demonstrating the moral obligation we have of punishing society's enemies. Other Gods include Brage, Heimdal, Vidar, Frigg and Forsete.

The Gods of Odinism are the ordaining powers of Nature clothed in personality. They direct the world which they themselves created. They are referred to collectively as the Aesir, of whom every living thing forms a part (thus not all the Gods are necessarily good ones). Objects and phenomena that are regarded as greater or lesser Aesir are qualities such as thought and memory, and natural things such as the sun, rivers, mountains and trees as well as animals and ancestral spirits. There are also the guardian Gods of the land, of skills and occupations and the spirits of national heroes, the Einheriar and other men and women whose outstanding deeds and virtues have contributed to our civilization, culture and well-being.

15. Is there a table of commandments that sets out the rules to be followed by Odinists?

The main rules of Odinist conduct are listed in the Nine Charges which are:

1. To maintain candor and fidelity in love and devotions to the tried friend: though he strike me I will do him no scathe. 2. Never to make a wrongsome oath: for great and grim is the reward for the breaking of plighted troth. 3. To deal not hardly with the humble and lowly. 4. To remember the respect that is due great age. 5. To suffer no evil to go unremedied and to fight against the enemies of family, nation, race and faith: my foes will I fight in the field nor be burnt in my house. 6. To succor the friendless but to put no faith in the pledged word of a stranger people. 7. If I hear the fool's word of a drunken man I will strive not: for many a grief and the very death groweth out of such things. 8. To give kind heed to dead men: straw-dead, sea-dead or sword-dead. 9. To abide by the enactments of lawful authority and to bear with courage and fortitude the decrees of the Norns.

The Charges are based on the rules of life indicated by the High Song of Odin and in the Lay of Sigurd in which the Valkyrie gives counsel to Sigurd. They may be summarized as demanding in the struggle for life a self-reliance which should be earned by a love of learning and industry, a prudent foresight in word and deed, moderation in the gratification of the senses and in the exercise of power, modesty and politeness in intercourse and a desire to earn the goodwill of our fellow men.

16. The first four Charges seem fairly innocuous, but I must say the Fifth Charge sounds rather sinister! Isn't it all very violent and retributive?

"To suffer no evil to go unremedied," does appear to run contrary to the trends of modern progressive thinking. And the idea of fighting "against the enemies of family, nation, race and faith" would be anathema to many people. Unlike the Christian, whose duty it is to "turn the other cheek" (advice that is more often observed ub tge breach than otherwise) and to be patient and long-suffering under the most grievous attacks, it is the duty of the Odinist to punish wrongs and above all those wrongs offered to his own family and kin. Society's enemies already know the basic law of life: that the race is to the strong and that the meek will inherit th earth only when the earth inherits them dust to dust. Others should also learn to recognize this truth.

17. What do you mean by "kinship loyalty"?

We must of course give loyal service to anyone or any concept to whom or to which loyalty is due. But we owe our loyalty in the fullest degree to our immediate family and to those who are related to us by blood-ties or blood- brotherhood. A husband owes loyalty to his wife, for instance, and vice versa, just as a son owes loyalty to his parents to a greater extent than to anyone outside the immediate family circle. Beyond that we owe allegiance to our own country and racial kindred before we can even consider giving it to strangers who must therefore have the last call upon us. Buth there may be occasions when loyalty to nation and kin must transcend even our loyalty to our own family.

This concern for kin is an essential part of Odinist teaching. More than twelve centuries ago the Christian proselytizer, Boniface, wrote of the Odinists, "Have pity on them, because even they themselves are accustomed to say, "We are of one blood and one bone". Filial love, patriotism and kinship loyalty are religious pronciples still adhered to by Odinists. In the words of the Edda:

We shall help our kinsmen as foot helps foot. . . If one foot stumbles then shall the other restore balance.

18. You seem to have an exaggerated respect for things like law and order! What about unjust laws?

No, not an "exaggerated respect for law and order"; just regard for the rules by which civilized man must live. But laws, to be just, must apply equally to all citizens and groups without discrimination. Odinists certainly have a duty to oppose what they regard as unjust laws but in doing so they accept the consequences of their oppostion and do not expect to be given exemption or favorable treatment.

19. What view do Odinists take of modern, enlightened substitutes for traditional, repressive forms of punishment? Do you agree that the wrong-doer in our society is more often than not the victim of his environment and that we are thus all guilty?

Odinists refuse to accept responsibility for the actions of others. Just as it would be wrong to accept credit for another person's merits so it is wrong to relieve the wrong-doer of responsibility for his actions. "Crime should be blazoned abroad by its retribution," wrote Tacitus. Punishment should be an unpleasant and memorable experience. Those in authority who neglect to punish the criminal adequately place themselves in the position of being accessories after the fact. Odinists believe that anyone who seriously or continually flouts the law should forfeit for a period of time his rights to protection under that law; enemies of the community should not be permitted to run with the hare and hunt with the hounds!

20. The Sixth Charge speaks about putting no faith in the pledged word of a stranger people. What is meant by "a stranger people"?

By "a stranger people" we mean those from different cultures than our own. It is a warning that words often mean different things to different peoples, that their standards are not always the same as our own. It is simply one of those things in life that ought to be widely known and appreciated but does not seem to be!

21. Please explain the Ninth Charge, which speaks of "the decrees of the Norns". Who or where are the Norns?

The Norns are the three Fates of Northern mythology, the Goddesses of time. They are named Urd (the past), Verdande (the present) and Skuld (the future). They watch over man; they spin his thread of fate at his birth and mark out with it the limits of his sphere of action through life; their decrees are inviolable destiny, their dispensations inevitable necessity. Urd and Verdande, the past and present, may be seen as stretching a web from the radiant dawn of life to the glowing sunset, while Skuld, the future tears it to pieces!

Man's fate must be met but the way in which it is met rests with the individual; and by the way in which he meets his fate man is able to demonstrate his free will. This important principle shows a man that it is worth while fighting life's battles courageously while at the same time fate's inexorable nature allows no room for careful weighing of arguments for and against or for anxiety about the nature of things that are in any case destined to happen.

22. What other aspects of human behavior are admired by Odinists?

The Noble Virtues are held in high esteem. They are:

Courage Truth Honor Fidelity Discipline Hospitality Industriousness Self-reliance Perseverance

The Odinist must do what lies before him without fear of either foes, friends or the Norns. He must hold his own council, speak his mind and seek fame without respect of persons; be free, indipendant and daring in his actions; act with gentleness and generosity towards friends and kinsmen but be stern and grim to his enemies (but even towards the latter to feel bound to fulfill necessary duties); be as forgiving to some as he is unyielding and unforgiving to others. He should be neither trucebreaker nor oathbreaker and utter nothing against any person that he would not say to his face. These are the broad principles of Odinist behavior, features of the spirit that made our Northern peoples great.

23. You call industriousness a Noble Virtue? What is so spiritual about that?

Industriousness is a virtue which, partly inherited, is nevertheless acquired largely through training and self-dicipline; it is at once something we owe to ourselves, to our family and to the community. There is a time for relaxation as there is a time for most things but it is not, for instance, during our working hours; neither should it be at the expense of other members of the community by way of the so-called welfare state.

24. What about material possessions?

A principle of Odinism is the realization of the worthlessness and fleeting nature of worldly possessions. Enough should be enough. Adam of Bremen, a Christian, remarked how Odinists with whom he had come into contact "lack nothing of what we revere except our arrogance. They have no aquisitive love of gold, silver, splendid chargers, the furs of beaver and marten or any of the other possessions we pine for". One thing alone is worth whild n this life: the stability of a well-earned reputation. "Goods perish, friends perish, a man himself perishes," says the Edda "but fame never dies to him that hath won it worthily."

25. You describe self-reliance as one of the Noble Virtues. Surely even you must admit that none of us is, or can be, self-reliant in these days?

Self reliance does not, as you appear to suggest, imply selfishness or mean that a man must live in isolation from his fellows. We recognize that men is dependent upon Nature and on the community of which he forms part; he has obligations to that community as well as to his employer (or employees). He receives from society and he owes a debt to society. Odinism teaches that people must be encouraged to stand on their own feet and not to ask continually, "When is somebody going to do something for me?"

26. Do Odinists believe in prayer?

Odinism is not a philosophy invented to ease mankind's comfort or to assuage his fears; that kind of religion acts against rather than in man's interests because it takes from him his independence and self-respect and makes of him a humble supplicant by encouraging him to shed his responsibilities. The person who prays to a saint or God asking for help or uidance is seeking to shift the responsibility from his own shoulders, surrendering his own faculties of thought and physical action, unless he also does something to help himself. To pray is to beg and plead; it is self-abasement ("we worms of the earth"). That is not the object of true religion which, as Carlyle has told us, is "trancendent wonder": wonder without limit or measure, reverent admiration alike for the immensity of creation, the inspiration of the human heart and the capability of the human brain.

Odinists in their inveitan (praise); singular, inveita) call upon the Aesir to approach them in their thoughts as they themselves strive towards the Aesir. Through increased understanding is achieved wholeness, a unity with the Gods that helps us to think out our problems and how they may be overcome. We project the Gods within ourselves and that, externally realized, speaks to the divine in others. Through their invetian Odinists express gratitude for life and the world they live in and resolve to try to make it better - not just to leave it to "someone up there" or hope for something better in the next world.

27 How do Odinists regard good and evil?

Evil of itself cannot originate in man but must always be regarded as an intruder, like an illness or an affliction; as such it must be opposed and expelled. Good and evil are relative: there can be no absolure norm and actions must depend upon circumstances and motives as well as time and place. The ethical standards relating to custom and tradition are flexible and responsive to the specific demands of different ages, so that moral judgements of what is right and wrong cannot be placed in a fixed system of standards but must vary according to time and situation. Just as the world is constantly changing so are values constantly changing, so that nothing can be regarded as unconditionally good or evil in all ages. In general, that which disturbs the social order and peaceful evolution and causes unhappiness - including such natural disasters as floods and earthquakes, disease and pollution - obstructs the natural development of the world and must be regarded as evil. As for sin, Odinism knows but two major sins - perjury and murder: that is sin against the Gods and sin against one's fellow man.

28. Do you believe in Original sin?

Man is inherently good and the world in which he lives is good. There is no sin in man which has been inherited from his first, or any other, ancestor; it is enough that he should be held responsible for his own actions. But although his spirit is good, his flesh and his senses may succomb to evil, especially when by neglecting his own spiritual well- being he has left his defenses weakened. So it is necessary for him to be able to distinguish between what is good and what is evil.

29 What do Odinists believe about marriage - and divorce?

Odinists support the institution of marriage and marital fidelity. But a broken marriage is and unhappy marriage and traditional Odinic law allows great latitude to separation of husband wife, at the will of both parties, if a good reason exists for the desired change. It is recognized that the worst possible service is rendered to those who are forced to live together against their will; but it must be borne in mind that marriage is basically a solemn exchange of vows between two people and as such can only be ended by agreement between the same two people.

30. Does Odinism offer salvation to those who believe?

Odinism offers no salvation in the sense in which that term is used by Christians. Instead, the Odinist seeks liberation by bringing the Aesir into the world of man and into his daily life - whether at home or at work. Liberation refers to the human condition as we know it, which is subject to birth and death and decay. It is not, " the kingdom of God which is with in you," but the Gods themselves which exist within man.

31. Does man possess an immortal soul? Is there a life after death and will people go to Odin in heaven?

Odinists believe that man consists of body (i.e. matter) and spirit or soul. Physical man is born, produces young and eventially dies. But the whole of Nature shows us that death is not final: the material body decomposes and recombines, it is regenerated and lives again. As it was in the beginning so it is now; every atom continues to exist and must exist as in the beginning. There is nothing new under the sun and what we call death is really nothing more than transformation.

Spiritual man is divided into two distinct souls, one passive, the other active, the divine and the human, which we call God-soul and human-soul. The first is in the fullest sense a divine being, contemplating a past eternity and a future immortality, occupying itself in contemplation rather than in action and to be regarded as a kind of guardian spirit. Although the God-soul and the material body are associated in this life, the former is not bound to man in the way that, say, a limb is (it may indeed absent itself from his body during sleep or periods of unconsciousness). Without the spirit there can be no motivation: when the physical change (i.e. death) takes place the God-soul passes to another living organism -a human being, a tree, an animal, perhaps a bird. This is the element that gives man his mystical attachment to a particular district or country (which is what we call patriotism): because it is where the God-souls of countless generations of ancestors dwell. It is because of this that man is compelled to nurture, love and defend his country, which is, in the purest sense, a holy land. The philosopher Fichte said, "Death is the ladder by which my spiritual vision rises to a new life and a new nature." This is also the reason why Odinists regard all life as sacred and unnecessary violence as criminal.

The human-soul (or self-soul), is essentially individual to a particular person. It may be likened to his personality, his fame or his infamy. Because the whole of man's life is a continuing struggle of the good and light Gods on the one hand and the offspring of chaotic matter (the giants, Nature's disturbing forces) on the other, the human-soul is extremely active. It is involved in a struggle that extends to man's innermost being: both the human-soul and the God-soul proceed from the Gods; but the body be longs to the world of giants and they struggle for supremacy. If the human-soul conquers by virtue and courage then it goes after death to Valhalla, to fight in concert with the Gods against the evil powers. If on the other hand the body conquers and links the spirit to itself by weakness then after man's death the human-soul sinks to the world of the giants and joins itself with the evil powers in their warfare against the Gods. Long after his individual identity has been forgotten a man's human-soul, absorbed into the corporate spirit of the regiment, college, village, nation or other group, continues to demonstrate its immortality by inspiring future generations to noble deeds - or to acts of degradation.

32. If the God-soul migrates to other living things after death, how can you square this with, for example, the need to slaughter livestock in order to sustain human life? Isn't it rather like killing a God?

The God-soul must not be confused with the being that it inhabits. Animals, birds and trees have always been regarded by Odinists with respect; it is indeed probable that the domsestication of some sreatures arose from their former sacred character. Every living thing is a manifestation of the divine and its spirit is immortal: every time a tree is felled or an animal slaughtered it is indeed a kind of sacrifice. But the tree or the animal is only a temporary dwelling-place for the immortal God. Everything in Nature has a purpose and it is necessary in order that life may be sustained in others for such "sacrifices" to be made. Such an attitude encourages consideration and reverence for Nature and discourages its wanton despoliation. It is the unnecessary, cruel or unnatural killing of animals (or of human beings), the unjustifiable destruction of trees or landscape and the defiling of natural resources, that is wrong.

33. You have mantioned "ancestral spirits". Does this mean that Odinists believe in ancestor-worship?

The human-souls of one's own family ancestors provide us with moral strength and inspiration. Just as we received our spirit from Odin, so we received our physical being through our parents and our ancestors from time memorial. Our respect for ancestors maintains the continuity of the family, the kin and the race. We have a duty to try to attain the ideals of our ancestors and an equal duty of cherishnig our descendants so that they in their turn will come to understand and realize our own hopes and ideals. Life is continuing process: we must try to visualize ourselves as ancestors; for ancestors and descendants are genealogically one. Edmund Burke once remarked that society was a partnership between those who were living, those who are dead and those yet to be born; past and present and future are seen as a continuing evolvemant and must be looked upon as complete being.

34. What kind of status do women have within the Odinist community?

Odinists do not need reminding of women's rights! Our religion anciently held women in high honor: not only are Goddesses included in the Odinist pantheon, but, when the Odinist priesthood is restored, all offices will be open to women just as they were before the Christian usurpation relegated them to permanent backbenches of religious life.

35. What are the chief festivals of the Odinic Rite?

In ancient times there were three great festivals: Yule (the Mid-Winter Festival), Summer Finding (or spring equinox) and Winter Finding (autumn equinox). To these we nowadays add the Midsummer Festival.

Yule, the popular Festival of Mid-Winter (sometimes called the Festival of Light), heralds the beginning of the Odinist year. It is the birthday of the unconquered sun, which at this time begins to new vigor after its autumnal decline when, having descended into darkness, it pauses, kindles the fire of germination and ascends renewed with the fruit of hope. The Mid-Winter Festival includes the Twelve Nights of Yule, encapsulating the twelve months of the year in miniature, and culminates in the celebration of Twelfth Night.

Summer Finding, in March, is the Festival of Odin. It celebrates the renewal, or resurrection, of Nature after the darkness of winter. It was transformed by the Christians into their Easter (named after the Odinist Goddess of the Saxons, Ostara), Rogation and Whitsun and was also recalled in folk custom by the festivities of May Day.

The Midsummer Festival, the Feast of Balder, is the great celebration of the triumph of light and the sun.

Winter Finding mourns the death of summer and heralds the coming of autumn. It is dedicated to the god Frey, patron of the harvest, and is also sometimes called the Charming of the Fruits of Earth, when we render thanks for the years supply of life-giving foods.

36. What other Odinist festivals are there?

Besides the great festivals there are a number of secondary festivals and also some commemorations of local Gods or various aspects of life.

The secondary festivals of the Odinic Rite are: The Charming of the Plough, January 3 The festival of Vali, Febuary 14, which commemorates the family and is an occasion for betrothals, the renewal of marriage vows and vows of kinship loyalty. The festival of the Einheriar on November 11, known as Heroes' day, which honors the dead.

37. What is the Odinist Committee?

The committee for the Restoration of the Odinic Rite (to give its full title) was set up on April 23, 1973 with the limited objects of restoring Odinist ritual and ceremonies, to define Odinist faith and doctrine and to constitute a teaching order of gothar (singular: gothi, meaning priest of teacher). When these immediate objects have been achieved the Committee will disband. In the past not a great deal of attentiion was paid to systemizing the doctrinal aspects of Odinism and consequently the body of writing on the subject has remained limited and uneven. The Odinist Committee will place the worship of the Aesir on a more formal and permanent basis.

38. How do I go about becoming an Odinist?

First of all by understanding, then by believing. You do not have to "be born again" but you are expected to live your whole life according to the Odinist precepts. There is a ceremony of reception (or initiation) into the Odinist community for those who wish it. The secretary of the Odinist Committe, 10 Trinity Green, London, E1, will be able to tell you whether there is an Odinist group in your neighborhood or, if there is not one, how you may form one.

39. Can the Odinist Committee supply me with a list of Odinist temples and shall I be permitted to attend some of the inveitan?

There are at present no Odinist hofs (temples) in Great Britain open for public worship. Odinism starts with the individual and extends, through the family, to the communtiy and the world. So with worship, which is at present practiced mostly at family level, the festivals of the Odinist year being celebrated in the home, with friends and other Odinist sometimes being invited to participate. But it is expected that various regional meeting places will be authorized when eventually the ritual of Odinist worship has been fully restored and gothar licensed by the successor body to the Odinist committee.

These things are thought the best: Fire, the sight of the sun, Good health with the gift to keep it, And a life that avoids vice.

The High Song of Odin *

* The verse from The High Song of Odin is from Paul B. Taylor and W H Auden's translation of The Elder Edda and is reproduced by permission of Messrs Faber and Faber. Other quotations from the Eddas in the foregoing pages are from the translation by Rasmus B. Anderson.

FOR MORE INFORMATION WRITE:

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(916) 338-4214 8:00 pm to 6:00 am (PST) daily 300/1200 baud ***** Call at these times with your computer. *****

Orientation: This is a list of books of interest in current Asatru,a form of Norse Paganism. It is divided into five sections.

A) Primary sources. B) Books concerning the modern revival. C) Books of peripheral or collateral interest. D) Additional Old Norse and German material of possible interest in English translation. E) Some fictional material. F) Material actually in Old Norse, or material used for the study of old Norse texts.

The list is confined to material either obtainable easily in America or material which can (with a certain amount of difficulty and delay) be imported. Enough information is included to make ordering reasonably easy. Prices are approximate. Dates are unreliable, as they vary with printings. Except in section E, all material is in English. WARNING: This list is oriented towards the Ring of Troth Asatru organization, which has some influence on the way things are listed, and on the comments.

**WebMaster's Note: Where Possible this biliography has been linked to Amazon.Com. Unlinked references are not available from Amazon.Com at this time, but may be available elsewhere**

SECTION A) Primary Sources.

1) THE POETIC EDDA,  translated by Lee M. Hollander, Univ. of Texas Press, l988, ISBN 0-292-76499-5, $13
( The main collection of eddic lays, originally in Old Norse. Most composed around 10th century.)

2) THE PROSE EDDA OF SNORRI STURLUSON,  translated by Jean I. Young University of Calif. Press, 1954, ISBN 0-520-01232-1, $8
(One of the greatest works of Norse literature/mythology.)

3) THE SAGA OF THE VOLSUNGS,  translated by Jesse L. Byock. University of Calif. Press, 1990, ISBN 0-520-06904-8, $9
(Story of Siegfried (Sigurd in this book) and the dragon and the ring etc. An important source for the Wagner operas.)

4) THE NORSE MYTHS,  Kevin Crossley-Holland, Pantheon Books, New York USA, 1980, ISBN: 0-394-74846-8, $7.95
(Excellent retelling of myths, with some good cultural background, even what they ate!)

SECTION B) Books concerning the modern revival.

1) Dumezil, Georges   GODS OF THE ANCIENT NORTHMEN, edited by Einar Haugen,
University of Calif. Press, 1973, ISBN 0-520-03507-0, $10
(Definitive work of Norse mythology by one of the most influential academic specialists in mythology of our time. Author founded school of Structural Mythology. Translated from French by Einar Haugen and his old Norse class.)

2) Thorsson, Edred   A BOOK OF TROTH,
Llewellyn pub. St. Paul, Minn, 55164-0383, 1989, ISBN 0-87542-777-4, $10
(Theology, Liturgy, Lore, and organization of the Ring of Troth. Only book out detailing rituals of Asatru! Must have!)

***BEGIN THORSSON RUNE TRILOGY***

3) Thorsson, Edred  FUTHARK,
Samuel Weiser Inc. York Beach Maine, 03910, 1984, ISBN 0-87728-548-9, $9
(Basic material on Runes, using the 24 Rune tradition. Best book on Rune magic)

4) Thorsson, Edred  RUNELORE,
Samuel Weiser Inc. York Beach Maine, 03910, ISBN 0-87728-667-1, $11
(More advanced Rune work in the 24 Rune tradition. Good historical information, descriptions of runes, cosmology, etc.)

5) Thorsson, Edred  AT THE WELL OF WYRD,
Samuel Weiser Inc. York Beach Maine, 03910, ISBN 0-87728-678-7, $8
(Forecasting the future using Runes, 24 Rune tradition. The BEST book on runic divination, including instructions on making your own runes, with ritual.)

***END THORSSON RUNE TRILOGY***

6) Ring of Troth Journal,  IDUNNA,  (published 4 times/year)
by the Ring of Troth, PO Box 18812, Austin TX 78760, $12/year (membership in ROT is $24)
(Everything from scholarly articles to mead recipes and songs. Best neo- pagan journal we've seen!)

7) Flowers, Stephen E.  THE GALDRABOK, AN ICELANDIC GRIMOIRE,
Samuel Weiser Inc., York Beach Maine, 03910, ISBN 0-87728-685-X, $9
(Translation of an authentic book of magic from Iceland. A translation of an authentic medieval Icelandic grimoire, and misc. spells. The history and translator's notes sections contain much valuable information.)
 

SECTION C) Books of peripheral or collateral interest.

*** GERMAN RUNE MATERIAL, some with OCCULT Orientation ***

1) Thorsson, Edred  RUNE MIGHT,
Llewellyn pub. St. Paul Minn, 55164-0383, 1989, ISBN 0-87542-778-2, $8
(The German (Armanen) 18 Rune tradition of Guido von List.)

2) von List, Guido  THE SECRET OF THE RUNES,  translated by Stephen E.Flowers,
Destiny Books, One Park Street, Rochester, Vermont 05767, ISBN 0-89281-207-9, $10
(Seminal book in the German (Armanen) 18 Rune tradition.)

3) Tyson, Donald  RUNE MAGIC,
Llewellyn Publications, 1988 PO Box 64838 St. Paul, MN 55164-0383, ISBN 0- 87542-826-6 $9.95
(Complete junk! Unless, of course, you like treating Gods as slaves, drinking ashes, and smearing your blood around.)

*** GERMAN ECLECTIC MATERIAL (ORIENTAL & MASONIC OR TEMPLAR RELATED) ***

1) Flowers, S. Edred   FIRE AND ICE,
Llewellyn pub. St. Paul Minn, 55164-0383, 1989, ISBN 0-87542-776-6, $10
(Information on German secret societies. The information is possibly not current.)

*** WICCA RELATED MATERIAL ***

2) Pennick, Nigel   PRACTICAL MAGIC IN THE NORTHERN TRADITION,
Aquarian Press, (Address:) Thorsons Publishing Group, Wellingborough, Northamptonshire, NN8 2RQ, England, 1989, ISBN 0-85030-757-0, $12.95 (UK 7.99 pounds)
(Northern European folk magic, Much interesting material, but some doubt has been expressed about the reliability of some of the details in this book.)

3) Ed Fitch,  THE RITES OF ODIN,
Llewellyn Publications, PO Box 64383 St. Paul MN 55164-0383, 1990, ISBN: 0-887542-224-1, $12.95
( Bad mythology, Wiccan oriented rituals, some nice ideas, descriptions on how to make banners, drinking horns, etc. Illustrated by Robin Wood.)

***THEOSOPHICAL RELATED MATERIAL***

1) Elsa-Brita Titchenell, THE MASKS OF ODIN,
Theosophical University Press, Post Office Bin C, Pasadena CA 91109, 1985, ISBN 0-911500-73-1, $9.00
(Except for a few translated eddic lays (slanted), this is a bunch of junk. Unless you're a theosophist.)

SECTION D) Old Norse and German Material in English Translation. This section is designed to give a general cultural background for Asatru.

1) NJAL'S SAGA,  translated by Magnus Magnusson & Hermann Palsson,
Penguin Books, ISBN 0-14-044103-4, $5
(Probably the best source of information on Norse pagan society operating at full efficiency.)

2) EGIL'S SAGA,  translated by Hermann Palsson & Paul Edwards,
Penguin Books, ISBN 0-14-044321-5, $5
(Adventures of a semilikable scoundrel in Pagan Norway and Iceland.)

3) LAXDAELA SAGA,  translated by Magnus Magnusson & Hermann Palsson ,
Penguin Books, ISBN 0-14-044218-9, $54)

EYRBYGGJA SAGA, translated by Hermann Palsson & Paul Edwards,
Penguin Books, ISBN 0-14-044530-7, $65)

THE SAGA OF THE JOMSVIKINGS, translated by Lee M. Hollander,
Univ. of Texas Press, ISBN 0-292-77623-3, $7
(Saga of a warrior society living on an island in the Baltic, to which no women were admitted.)

6) HEIMSKRINGLA, by Snorri Sturluson,
There are several editions in BOOKS IN PRINT, but I have not seen them and hesitate to recommend any. I seem to recall having seen a Dover reprint, but cannot confirm this in BOOKS IN PRINT.
(This is a marginal item, as it treats mostly of Christian times, but it does have a lot of useful information in it for the dedicated.)

7) THE NIBELUNGENLIED, translated by A. T. Hatto
Penguin Books, ISBN 0-14-044137-9, $5

SECTION E) Some Fiction.

1) Tom Holt, WHO'S AFRAID OF BEOWULF?
St. Martin's Press, 175 Fifth Ave. New York, NY 10010, 1988, ISBN 0-312- 02669-2, $16 [Try to get a used copy of the Book Club edition]
( A hilarious book. Take a break from the serious stuff and have some fun with an archaeologist who digs up more than she expected.)

2) Cabell, James Branch, THE SILVER STALLION
Ballentine Books, New York, 1979, ISBN 0-345-28072-5, $4
(One very funny Norse oriented short story in this collection.)

3) Anderson, Poul, HROLF KRAKI'S SAGA
Ballentine Books, New York, 1990, ISBN 345-23562-2, $4
(Retelling of Old Norse saga existing only in fragments in the original. Poul has several other Norse oriented books.)

SECTION F) Old Norse texts and dictionaries.

1) EDDA, DER LIEDER DER CODEX REGIUS, vol I, TEXT Carl Winter
Universitaetsbuchhandlung, Heidelburg. paperbd ISBN 3-533-03080-6, 78 Marks=$50 hardbd ISBN 3-533-03081-4, 100 Marks=$70
(This is in German, but since there is almost nothing here but Old Norse text, it hardly matters.)

2) EDDA, DER LIEDER DER CODEX REGIUS, vol II, GLOSSAR Carl Winter
Universitaetsbuchhandlung, Heidelburg. paperbd ISBN 3-533-00559- 3, 50 Marks=$35 hardbd ISBN 3-533-00560-7, 65 Marks=$45
(This is the dictionary which translates every word found in the Edda (with commentary) into *** GERMAN ***)

3) Edda Snorra Sturlusonar, Old Norse Text with LATIN translation,
(You only want this if your rich. No doubt cheaper editions exist in Iceland, but I could not find them in BOOKS IN PRINT(English or German editions) and I did so want to complete this list.)

*** Items 1 to 3 may be comfortably ordered from Schoenhof's Foreign Book Company, 76A Mt. Auburn Street Cambridge, MASS 02138, Tel 617-547-8855 (Do not believe the time frame they give you. It will take about twice as long.)

4) Valfels, Sigrid,  OLD ICELANDIC, AN INTRODUCTORY COURSE
Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-811172-X, $23
(This is an EXCELLENT introduction to the Old Icelandic language)